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What Increases the Risk of Liver Cancer? Key Factors You Should Know

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Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma an umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analysis DOI- 10.108007853890.2025.2455539

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. Many studies have looked at what increases or reduces the risk of HCC. This new review pulled together results from 175 research papers to give a clearer picture.

Two infections—hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV)—are the biggest risk factors. People with HBV are 12 times more likely to get liver cancer. Those with HCV are 11 times more likely. But taking antiviral treatment can help reduce that risk.

Other things that raise liver cancer risk include:

⦿ Smoking
⦿ Obesity
⦿ Fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
⦿ Diabetes
⦿ High liver enzyme levels
⦿ Liver fluke infection
⦿ Being male or older in age

Some common medications may help protect against liver cancer:

⦿ Metformin (used for diabetes)

⦿ GLP-1 receptor agonists (used for diabetes or weight loss)
⦿ Aspirin
⦿ Statins (used for cholesterol)
⦿ Some antidepressants (SSRIs)

On the other hand, drugs like proton pump inhibitors (used for heartburn) may slightly raise the risk.

Good news: drinking coffee, eating a healthy diet, and having weight-loss surgery (bariatric surgery) were all linked to lower risk. People with blood type O also had a slightly lower chance of getting liver cancer.

This study shows that many factors play a role in liver cancer risk. Talk to your doctor about any conditions or medicines you take. Small changes—like quitting smoking or managing weight—can help protect your liver.

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Dr. Harsh J Shah

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Dr Harsh Shah - GI & HPB Oncosurgeon in India
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