A hernia occurs when an internal organ or tissue pushes through a weak spot in the muscles of the abdomen. This may appear as a bulge or swelling, which can increase on standing, coughing, or lifting weight. It usually occurs in the groin, near the belly button, at a previous surgery scar, or in the upper abdomen.
Some hernias may not cause symptoms initially, but many patients experience pain, discomfort, heaviness, or a visible lump. If left untreated, hernias can enlarge over time and may trap or block internal organs, which can become a surgical emergency.